[argocd] Bump ArgoCD version to 2.14.5 (#12041)

According to the official ArgoCD documentation, version 2.14.5 is required
for compatibility with Kubernetes version 1.31

Reference: https://argo-cd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/operator-manual/installation/\#tested-versions

docs(argocd): update version references in documentation and configuration